You do pose some quite intelligent questions here, Dartpistachio
Truth is, there is no such thing as 'tested flavours' or 'tested chemicals' for vaping.
Not of the kind which most people would be interested into hearing about, which is medium and long term effects.
All we have are tests on direct, short term, effect of vaping , and to an extent of flavours, on tissues and physiological functions.
And tests and studies on some chemicals of relevance which are indicative for the medium and long periods. However these are derivative in nature. Delivery method, frequency and intensity of exposure and a variety of other parameters are different from what we have in vaping.
After all, our knowledge of why smoking is unhealthy in a number of ways has improved enourmously over the last 60 years.
However, the statistical data were there from before, and that allowed to determine a correlation between smoking and higher incidence of certain of diseases. This knowledge was ignored for quite a few years, but it was there and well supported.
So, we would need long term studies, and those would be valid independently from our actual knowledge of 'how things actually work'.
As for the short term, the most interesting studies I have seen are from flavourart clearstream protocol, which investigated cellular mortality in human tissues of base, base with nicotine and base, nic and flavours. Finding there was a detectable mortality rate, but as limited as to be of no concern. That only shows the kind of effect which might lead to a sore throat or more critical topic damage due to continual exposure.
Other studies have highlighted that heart rate and respiratory efficiency drop when vaping on a cig alike, as it drops when smoking, but the recovery seems to be faster.
These studies have been also criticized as the effect might well be different on heavy users, for psychological and physiological reasons, but that's more a guess than a fact.
Carcinogenic, which are very interesting as for the long period, have been investigated as well. Unfortunately, some of these analysis, such as those ran from Georgio at house of liquids on his bases and tobacco steeps, are not pubblished. But carcinogenics have been found in trace amounts. However, they seem to come from nicotine rather than other components of the liquid.
An interesting finding from the producers of ecopure was that tests did not find any chemical transformation due to the vaporization process, meaning that what you inhale is what is in the liquid.
That's a considerable plus when compared to combustion.
However, honestly, we all vape on well different atties from the disposable prefilled cartos tested, and presumably tested when nice and wet, not when running dry.
I guess we all have experienced a burned like taste from cartos and atties. And you often read in tobacco steep reviews that they truly taste like smoking when upping voltage big time.
Hemm, I might be wrong, but that's combustion to me
But long term studies can differ considerably as for conditions from what we do. In the case od dyacetil, I agree with what you say. Small amounts, whatever we want define as small, are certainly a concern. And it very difficult to compare exposure of industrial workers to exposure through vaping. Free diffusion in air, presumably, as opposed to suck a dense vapour as we get from an attie.
We know little, and it's pity.